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Interactive Periodic Table

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1

H

Hydrogen

1.008

Atomic Mass

1.0080 u

Standard State

Gas

Electron Configuration

1s1

Oxidation States

+1, -1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.2

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

120 pm

Ionization Energy

13.598 eV

Electron Affinity

0.754 eV

Melting Point

13.81 K

Boiling Point

20.28 K

Density

0.00008988 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1766

2

He

Helium

4.003

Atomic Mass

4.00260 u

Standard State

Gas

Electron Configuration

1s2

Oxidation States

0

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

140 pm

Ionization Energy

24.587 eV

Melting Point

0.95 K

Boiling Point

4.22 K

Density

0.0001785 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1868

3

Li

Lithium

7.000

Atomic Mass

7.0 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[He]2s1

Oxidation States

+1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

0.98

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

182 pm

Ionization Energy

5.392 eV

Electron Affinity

0.618 eV

Melting Point

453.65 K

Boiling Point

1615 K

Density

0.534 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1817

4

Be

Beryllium

9.012

Atomic Mass

9.012183 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[He]2s2

Oxidation States

+2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.57

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

153 pm

Ionization Energy

9.323 eV

Melting Point

1560 K

Boiling Point

2744 K

Density

1.85 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1798

5

B

Boron

10.810

Atomic Mass

10.81 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[He]2s2 2p1

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.04

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

192 pm

Ionization Energy

8.298 eV

Electron Affinity

0.277 eV

Melting Point

2348 K

Boiling Point

4273 K

Density

2.37 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1808

6

C

Carbon

12.011

Atomic Mass

12.011 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[He]2s2 2p2

Oxidation States

+4, +2, -4

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.55

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

170 pm

Ionization Energy

11.260 eV

Electron Affinity

1.263 eV

Melting Point

3823 K

Boiling Point

4098 K

Density

2.2670 g/cm³

Year Discovered

Ancient

7

N

Nitrogen

14.007

Atomic Mass

14.007 u

Standard State

Gas

Electron Configuration

[He] 2s2 2p3

Oxidation States

+5, +4, +3, +2, +1, -1, -2, -3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

3.04

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

155 pm

Ionization Energy

14.534 eV

Melting Point

63.15 K

Boiling Point

77.36 K

Density

0.0012506 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1772

8

O

Oxygen

15.999

Atomic Mass

15.999 u

Standard State

Gas

Electron Configuration

[He]2s2 2p4

Oxidation States

-2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

3.44

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

152 pm

Ionization Energy

13.618 eV

Electron Affinity

1.461 eV

Melting Point

54.36 K

Boiling Point

90.2 K

Density

0.001429 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1774

9

F

Fluorine

18.998

Atomic Mass

18.99840316 u

Standard State

Gas

Electron Configuration

[He]2s2 2p5

Oxidation States

-1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

3.98

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

135 pm

Ionization Energy

17.423 eV

Electron Affinity

3.339 eV

Melting Point

53.53 K

Boiling Point

85.03 K

Density

0.001696 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1670

10

Ne

Neon

20.180

Atomic Mass

20.180 u

Standard State

Gas

Electron Configuration

[He]2s2 2p6

Oxidation States

0

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

154 pm

Ionization Energy

21.565 eV

Melting Point

24.56 K

Boiling Point

27.07 K

Density

0.0008999 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1898

11

Na

Sodium

22.990

Atomic Mass

22.9897693 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ne]3s1

Oxidation States

+1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

0.93

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

227 pm

Ionization Energy

5.139 eV

Electron Affinity

0.548 eV

Melting Point

370.95 K

Boiling Point

1156 K

Density

0.97 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1807

12

Mg

Magnesium

24.305

Atomic Mass

24.305 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ne]3s2

Oxidation States

+2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.31

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

173 pm

Ionization Energy

7.646 eV

Melting Point

923 K

Boiling Point

1363 K

Density

1.74 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1808

13

Al

Aluminum

26.982

Atomic Mass

26.981538 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ne]3s2 3p1

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.61

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

184 pm

Ionization Energy

5.986 eV

Electron Affinity

0.441 eV

Melting Point

933.437 K

Boiling Point

2792 K

Density

2.70 g/cm³

Year Discovered

Ancient

14

Si

Silicon

28.085

Atomic Mass

28.085 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ne]3s2 3p2

Oxidation States

+4, +2, -4

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.9

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

210 pm

Ionization Energy

8.152 eV

Electron Affinity

1.385 eV

Melting Point

1687 K

Boiling Point

3538 K

Density

2.3296 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1854

15

P

Phosphorus

30.974

Atomic Mass

30.97376200 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ne]3s2 3p3

Oxidation States

+5, +3, -3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.19

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

180 pm

Ionization Energy

10.487 eV

Electron Affinity

0.746 eV

Melting Point

317.3 K

Boiling Point

553.65 K

Density

1.82 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1669

16

S

Sulfur

32.070

Atomic Mass

32.07 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ne]3s2 3p4

Oxidation States

+6, +4, -2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.58

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

180 pm

Ionization Energy

10.360 eV

Electron Affinity

2.077 eV

Melting Point

388.36 K

Boiling Point

717.75 K

Density

2.067 g/cm³

Year Discovered

Ancient

17

Cl

Chlorine

35.450

Atomic Mass

35.45 u

Standard State

Gas

Electron Configuration

[Ne]3s2 3p5

Oxidation States

+7, +5, +1, -1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

3.16

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

175 pm

Ionization Energy

12.968 eV

Electron Affinity

3.617 eV

Melting Point

171.65 K

Boiling Point

239.11 K

Density

0.003214 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1774

18

Ar

Argon

39.900

Atomic Mass

39.9 u

Standard State

Gas

Electron Configuration

[Ne]3s2 3p6

Oxidation States

0

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

188 pm

Ionization Energy

15.760 eV

Melting Point

83.8 K

Boiling Point

87.3 K

Density

0.0017837 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1894

19

K

Potassium

39.098

Atomic Mass

39.0983 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s1

Oxidation States

+1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

0.82

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

275 pm

Ionization Energy

4.341 eV

Electron Affinity

0.501 eV

Melting Point

336.53 K

Boiling Point

1032 K

Density

0.89 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1807

20

Ca

Calcium

40.080

Atomic Mass

40.08 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2

Oxidation States

+2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

231 pm

Ionization Energy

6.113 eV

Melting Point

1115 K

Boiling Point

1757 K

Density

1.54 g/cm³

Year Discovered

Ancient

21

Sc

Scandium

44.956

Atomic Mass

44.95591 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d1

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.36

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

211 pm

Ionization Energy

6.561 eV

Electron Affinity

0.188 eV

Melting Point

1814 K

Boiling Point

3109 K

Density

2.99 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1879

22

Ti

Titanium

47.867

Atomic Mass

47.867 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d2

Oxidation States

+4, +3, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.54

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

187 pm

Ionization Energy

6.828 eV

Electron Affinity

0.079 eV

Melting Point

1941 K

Boiling Point

3560 K

Density

4.5 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1791

23

V

Vanadium

50.941

Atomic Mass

50.9415 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d3

Oxidation States

+5, +4, +3, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.63

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

179 pm

Ionization Energy

6.746 eV

Electron Affinity

0.525 eV

Melting Point

2183 K

Boiling Point

3680 K

Density

6.0 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1801

24

Cr

Chromium

51.996

Atomic Mass

51.996 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]3d5 4s1

Oxidation States

+6, +3, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.66

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

189 pm

Ionization Energy

6.767 eV

Electron Affinity

0.666 eV

Melting Point

2180 K

Boiling Point

2944 K

Density

7.15 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1797

25

Mn

Manganese

54.938

Atomic Mass

54.93804 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d5

Oxidation States

+7, +4, +3, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.55

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

197 pm

Ionization Energy

7.434 eV

Melting Point

1519 K

Boiling Point

2334 K

Density

7.3 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1774

26

Fe

Iron

55.840

Atomic Mass

55.84 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d6

Oxidation States

+3, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.83

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

194 pm

Ionization Energy

7.902 eV

Electron Affinity

0.163 eV

Melting Point

1811 K

Boiling Point

3134 K

Density

7.874 g/cm³

Year Discovered

Ancient

27

Co

Cobalt

58.933

Atomic Mass

58.93319 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d7

Oxidation States

+3, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.88

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

192 pm

Ionization Energy

7.881 eV

Electron Affinity

0.661 eV

Melting Point

1768 K

Boiling Point

3200 K

Density

8.86 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1735

28

Ni

Nickel

58.693

Atomic Mass

58.693 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d8

Oxidation States

+3, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.91

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

163 pm

Ionization Energy

7.640 eV

Electron Affinity

1.156 eV

Melting Point

1728 K

Boiling Point

3186 K

Density

8.912 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1751

29

Cu

Copper

63.550

Atomic Mass

63.55 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s1 3d10

Oxidation States

+2, +1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.9

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

140 pm

Ionization Energy

7.726 eV

Electron Affinity

1.228 eV

Melting Point

1357.77 K

Boiling Point

2835 K

Density

8.933 g/cm³

Year Discovered

Ancient

30

Zn

Zinc

65.400

Atomic Mass

65.4 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d10

Oxidation States

+2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.65

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

139 pm

Ionization Energy

9.394 eV

Melting Point

692.68 K

Boiling Point

1180 K

Density

7.134 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1746

31

Ga

Gallium

69.723

Atomic Mass

69.723 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p1

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.81

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

187 pm

Ionization Energy

5.999 eV

Electron Affinity

0.3 eV

Melting Point

302.91 K

Boiling Point

2477 K

Density

5.91 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1875

32

Ge

Germanium

72.630

Atomic Mass

72.63 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p2

Oxidation States

+4, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.01

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

211 pm

Ionization Energy

7.900 eV

Electron Affinity

1.35 eV

Melting Point

1211.4 K

Boiling Point

3106 K

Density

5.323 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1886

33

As

Arsenic

74.922

Atomic Mass

74.92159 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p3

Oxidation States

+5, +3, -3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.18

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

185 pm

Ionization Energy

9.815 eV

Electron Affinity

0.81 eV

Melting Point

1090 K

Boiling Point

887 K

Density

5.776 g/cm³

Year Discovered

Ancient

34

Se

Selenium

78.970

Atomic Mass

78.97 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p4

Oxidation States

+6, +4, -2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.55

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

190 pm

Ionization Energy

9.752 eV

Electron Affinity

2.021 eV

Melting Point

493.65 K

Boiling Point

958 K

Density

4.809 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1817

35

Br

Bromine

79.900

Atomic Mass

79.90 u

Standard State

Liquid

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p5

Oxidation States

+5, +1, -1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.96

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

183 pm

Ionization Energy

11.814 eV

Electron Affinity

3.365 eV

Melting Point

265.95 K

Boiling Point

331.95 K

Density

3.11 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1826

36

Kr

Krypton

83.800

Atomic Mass

83.80 u

Standard State

Gas

Electron Configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p6

Oxidation States

0

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

3

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

202 pm

Ionization Energy

14.000 eV

Melting Point

115.79 K

Boiling Point

119.93 K

Density

0.003733 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1898

37

Rb

Rubidium

85.468

Atomic Mass

85.468 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s1

Oxidation States

+1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

0.82

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

303 pm

Ionization Energy

4.177 eV

Electron Affinity

0.468 eV

Melting Point

312.46 K

Boiling Point

961 K

Density

1.53 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1861

38

Sr

Strontium

87.620

Atomic Mass

87.62 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s2

Oxidation States

+2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

0.95

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

249 pm

Ionization Energy

5.695 eV

Melting Point

1050 K

Boiling Point

1655 K

Density

2.64 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1790

39

Y

Yttrium

88.906

Atomic Mass

88.90584 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s2 4d1

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.22

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

219 pm

Ionization Energy

6.217 eV

Electron Affinity

0.307 eV

Melting Point

1795 K

Boiling Point

3618 K

Density

4.47 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1794

40

Zr

Zirconium

91.220

Atomic Mass

91.22 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s2 4d2

Oxidation States

+4

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.33

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

186 pm

Ionization Energy

6.634 eV

Electron Affinity

0.426 eV

Melting Point

2128 K

Boiling Point

4682 K

Density

6.52 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1789

41

Nb

Niobium

92.906

Atomic Mass

92.90637 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s1 4d4

Oxidation States

+5, +3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.6

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

207 pm

Ionization Energy

6.759 eV

Electron Affinity

0.893 eV

Melting Point

2750 K

Boiling Point

5017 K

Density

8.57 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1801

42

Mo

Molybdenum

95.950

Atomic Mass

95.95 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s1 4d5

Oxidation States

+6

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.16

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

209 pm

Ionization Energy

7.092 eV

Electron Affinity

0.746 eV

Melting Point

2896 K

Boiling Point

4912 K

Density

10.2 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1778

43

Tc

Technetium

96.906

Atomic Mass

96.90636 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s2 4d5

Oxidation States

+7, +6, +4

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.9

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

209 pm

Ionization Energy

7.28 eV

Electron Affinity

0.55 eV

Melting Point

2430 K

Boiling Point

4538 K

Density

11 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1937

44

Ru

Ruthenium

101.100

Atomic Mass

101.1 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s1 4d7

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.2

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

207 pm

Ionization Energy

7.361 eV

Electron Affinity

1.05 eV

Melting Point

2607 K

Boiling Point

4423 K

Density

12.1 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1827

45

Rh

Rhodium

102.906

Atomic Mass

102.9055 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s1 4d8

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.28

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

195 pm

Ionization Energy

7.459 eV

Electron Affinity

1.137 eV

Melting Point

2237 K

Boiling Point

3968 K

Density

12.4 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1803

46

Pd

Palladium

106.420

Atomic Mass

106.42 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]4d10

Oxidation States

+3, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.2

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

202 pm

Ionization Energy

8.337 eV

Electron Affinity

0.557 eV

Melting Point

1828.05 K

Boiling Point

3236 K

Density

12.0 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1803

47

Ag

Silver

107.868

Atomic Mass

107.868 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s1 4d10

Oxidation States

+1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.93

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

172 pm

Ionization Energy

7.576 eV

Electron Affinity

1.302 eV

Melting Point

1234.93 K

Boiling Point

2435 K

Density

10.501 g/cm³

Year Discovered

Ancient

48

Cd

Cadmium

112.410

Atomic Mass

112.41 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s2 4d10

Oxidation States

+2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.69

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

158 pm

Ionization Energy

8.994 eV

Melting Point

594.22 K

Boiling Point

1040 K

Density

8.69 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1817

49

In

Indium

114.818

Atomic Mass

114.818 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p1

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.78

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

193 pm

Ionization Energy

5.786 eV

Electron Affinity

0.3 eV

Melting Point

429.75 K

Boiling Point

2345 K

Density

7.31 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1863

50

Sn

Tin

118.710

Atomic Mass

118.71 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p2

Oxidation States

+4, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.96

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

217 pm

Ionization Energy

7.344 eV

Electron Affinity

1.2 eV

Melting Point

505.08 K

Boiling Point

2875 K

Density

7.287 g/cm³

Year Discovered

Ancient

51

Sb

Antimony

121.760

Atomic Mass

121.760 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p3

Oxidation States

+5, +3, -3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.05

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

206 pm

Ionization Energy

8.64 eV

Electron Affinity

1.07 eV

Melting Point

903.78 K

Boiling Point

1860 K

Density

6.685 g/cm³

Year Discovered

Ancient

52

Te

Tellurium

127.600

Atomic Mass

127.6 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p4

Oxidation States

+6, +4, -2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.1

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

206 pm

Ionization Energy

9.010 eV

Electron Affinity

1.971 eV

Melting Point

722.66 K

Boiling Point

1261 K

Density

6.232 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1782

53

I

Iodine

126.904

Atomic Mass

126.9045 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p5

Oxidation States

+7, +5, +1, -1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.66

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

198 pm

Ionization Energy

10.451 eV

Electron Affinity

3.059 eV

Melting Point

386.85 K

Boiling Point

457.55 K

Density

4.93 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1811

54

Xe

Xenon

131.290

Atomic Mass

131.29 u

Standard State

Gas

Electron Configuration

[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p6

Oxidation States

0

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.6

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

216 pm

Ionization Energy

12.130 eV

Melting Point

161.36 K

Boiling Point

165.03 K

Density

0.005887 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1898

55

Cs

Cesium

132.905

Atomic Mass

132.9054520 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s1

Oxidation States

+1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

0.79

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

343 pm

Ionization Energy

3.894 eV

Electron Affinity

0.472 eV

Melting Point

301.59 K

Boiling Point

944 K

Density

1.93 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1860

56

Ba

Barium

137.330

Atomic Mass

137.33 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2

Oxidation States

+2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

0.89

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

268 pm

Ionization Energy

5.212 eV

Melting Point

1000 K

Boiling Point

2170 K

Density

3.62 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1808

57

La

Lanthanum

138.905

Atomic Mass

138.9055 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 5d1

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.1

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

240 pm

Ionization Energy

5.577 eV

Electron Affinity

0.5 eV

Melting Point

1191 K

Boiling Point

3737 K

Density

6.15 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1839

58

Ce

Cerium

140.116

Atomic Mass

140.116 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f1 5d1

Oxidation States

+4, +3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.12

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

235 pm

Ionization Energy

5.539 eV

Electron Affinity

0.5 eV

Melting Point

1071 K

Boiling Point

3697 K

Density

6.770 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1803

59

Pr

Praseodymium

140.908

Atomic Mass

140.90766 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f3

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.13

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

239 pm

Ionization Energy

5.464 eV

Melting Point

1204 K

Boiling Point

3793 K

Density

6.77 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1885

60

Nd

Neodymium

144.240

Atomic Mass

144.24 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f4

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.14

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

229 pm

Ionization Energy

5.525 eV

Melting Point

1294 K

Boiling Point

3347 K

Density

7.01 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1885

61

Pm

Promethium

144.913

Atomic Mass

144.91276 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f5

Oxidation States

+3

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

236 pm

Ionization Energy

5.55 eV

Melting Point

1315 K

Boiling Point

3273 K

Density

7.26 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1945

62

Sm

Samarium

150.400

Atomic Mass

150.4 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f6

Oxidation States

+3, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.17

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

229 pm

Ionization Energy

5.644 eV

Melting Point

1347 K

Boiling Point

2067 K

Density

7.52 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1879

63

Eu

Europium

151.964

Atomic Mass

151.964 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f7

Oxidation States

+3, +2

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

233 pm

Ionization Energy

5.670 eV

Melting Point

1095 K

Boiling Point

1802 K

Density

5.24 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1901

64

Gd

Gadolinium

157.200

Atomic Mass

157.2 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f7 5d1

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.2

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

237 pm

Ionization Energy

6.150 eV

Melting Point

1586 K

Boiling Point

3546 K

Density

7.90 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1880

65

Tb

Terbium

158.925

Atomic Mass

158.92535 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f9

Oxidation States

+3

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

221 pm

Ionization Energy

5.864 eV

Melting Point

1629 K

Boiling Point

3503 K

Density

8.23 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1843

66

Dy

Dysprosium

162.500

Atomic Mass

162.500 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f10

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.22

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

229 pm

Ionization Energy

5.939 eV

Melting Point

1685 K

Boiling Point

2840 K

Density

8.55 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1886

67

Ho

Holmium

164.930

Atomic Mass

164.93033 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f11

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.23

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

216 pm

Ionization Energy

6.022 eV

Melting Point

1747 K

Boiling Point

2973 K

Density

8.80 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1878

68

Er

Erbium

167.260

Atomic Mass

167.26 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f12

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.24

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

235 pm

Ionization Energy

6.108 eV

Melting Point

1802 K

Boiling Point

3141 K

Density

9.07 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1843

69

Tm

Thulium

168.934

Atomic Mass

168.93422 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f13

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.25

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

227 pm

Ionization Energy

6.184 eV

Melting Point

1818 K

Boiling Point

2223 K

Density

9.32 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1879

70

Yb

Ytterbium

173.050

Atomic Mass

173.05 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14

Oxidation States

+3, +2

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

242 pm

Ionization Energy

6.254 eV

Melting Point

1092 K

Boiling Point

1469 K

Density

6.90 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1878

71

Lu

Lutetium

174.967

Atomic Mass

174.9668 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d1

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.27

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

221 pm

Ionization Energy

5.426 eV

Melting Point

1936 K

Boiling Point

3675 K

Density

9.84 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1907

72

Hf

Hafnium

178.490

Atomic Mass

178.49 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d2

Oxidation States

+4

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.3

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

212 pm

Ionization Energy

6.825 eV

Melting Point

2506 K

Boiling Point

4876 K

Density

13.3 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1923

73

Ta

Tantalum

180.948

Atomic Mass

180.9479 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d3

Oxidation States

+5

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.5

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

217 pm

Ionization Energy

7.89 eV

Electron Affinity

0.322 eV

Melting Point

3290 K

Boiling Point

5731 K

Density

16.4 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1802

74

W

Tungsten

183.840

Atomic Mass

183.84 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d4

Oxidation States

+6

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.36

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

210 pm

Ionization Energy

7.98 eV

Electron Affinity

0.815 eV

Melting Point

3695 K

Boiling Point

5828 K

Density

19.3 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1783

75

Re

Rhenium

186.207

Atomic Mass

186.207 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d5

Oxidation States

+7, +6, +4

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.9

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

217 pm

Ionization Energy

7.88 eV

Electron Affinity

0.15 eV

Melting Point

3459 K

Boiling Point

5869 K

Density

20.8 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1925

76

Os

Osmium

190.200

Atomic Mass

190.2 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d6

Oxidation States

+4, +3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.2

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

216 pm

Ionization Energy

8.7 eV

Electron Affinity

1.1 eV

Melting Point

3306 K

Boiling Point

5285 K

Density

22.57 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1803

77

Ir

Iridium

192.220

Atomic Mass

192.22 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d7

Oxidation States

+4, +3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.2

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

202 pm

Ionization Energy

9.1 eV

Electron Affinity

1.565 eV

Melting Point

2719 K

Boiling Point

4701 K

Density

22.42 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1803

78

Pt

Platinum

195.080

Atomic Mass

195.08 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s1 4f14 5d9

Oxidation States

+4, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.28

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

209 pm

Ionization Energy

9 eV

Electron Affinity

2.128 eV

Melting Point

2041.55 K

Boiling Point

4098 K

Density

21.46 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1735

79

Au

Gold

196.967

Atomic Mass

196.96657 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s1 4f14 5d10

Oxidation States

+3, +1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.54

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

166 pm

Ionization Energy

9.226 eV

Electron Affinity

2.309 eV

Melting Point

1337.33 K

Boiling Point

3129 K

Density

19.282 g/cm³

Year Discovered

Ancient

80

Hg

Mercury

200.590

Atomic Mass

200.59 u

Standard State

Liquid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10

Oxidation States

+2, +1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

209 pm

Ionization Energy

10.438 eV

Melting Point

234.32 K

Boiling Point

629.88 K

Density

13.5336 g/cm³

Year Discovered

Ancient

81

Tl

Thallium

204.383

Atomic Mass

204.383 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1

Oxidation States

+3, +1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.62

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

196 pm

Ionization Energy

6.108 eV

Electron Affinity

0.2 eV

Melting Point

577 K

Boiling Point

1746 K

Density

11.8 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1861

82

Pb

Lead

207.000

Atomic Mass

207 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2

Oxidation States

+4, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.33

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

202 pm

Ionization Energy

7.417 eV

Electron Affinity

0.36 eV

Melting Point

600.61 K

Boiling Point

2022 K

Density

11.342 g/cm³

Year Discovered

Ancient

83

Bi

Bismuth

208.980

Atomic Mass

208.98040 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3

Oxidation States

+5, +3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.02

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

207 pm

Ionization Energy

7.289 eV

Electron Affinity

0.946 eV

Melting Point

544.55 K

Boiling Point

1837 K

Density

9.807 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1753

84

Po

Polonium

208.982

Atomic Mass

208.98243 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4

Oxidation States

+4, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

197 pm

Ionization Energy

8.417 eV

Electron Affinity

1.9 eV

Melting Point

527 K

Boiling Point

1235 K

Density

9.32 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1898

85

At

Astatine

209.987

Atomic Mass

209.98715 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p5

Oxidation States

7, 5, 3, 1, -1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

2.2

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

202 pm

Ionization Energy

9.5 eV

Electron Affinity

2.8 eV

Melting Point

575 K

Density

7 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1940

86

Rn

Radon

222.018

Atomic Mass

222.01758 u

Standard State

Gas

Electron Configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6

Oxidation States

0

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

220 pm

Ionization Energy

10.745 eV

Melting Point

202 K

Boiling Point

211.45 K

Density

0.00973 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1900

87

Fr

Francium

223.020

Atomic Mass

223.01973 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s1

Oxidation States

+1

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

0.7

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

348 pm

Ionization Energy

3.9 eV

Electron Affinity

0.47 eV

Melting Point

300 K

Year Discovered

1939

88

Ra

Radium

226.025

Atomic Mass

226.02541 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2

Oxidation States

+2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

0.9

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

283 pm

Ionization Energy

5.279 eV

Melting Point

973 K

Boiling Point

1413 K

Density

5 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1898

89

Ac

Actinium

227.028

Atomic Mass

227.02775 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 6d1

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.1

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

260 pm

Ionization Energy

5.17 eV

Melting Point

1324 K

Boiling Point

3471 K

Density

10.07 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1899

90

Th

Thorium

232.038

Atomic Mass

232.038 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 6d2

Oxidation States

+4

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.3

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

237 pm

Ionization Energy

6.08 eV

Melting Point

2023 K

Boiling Point

5061 K

Density

11.72 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1828

91

Pa

Protactinium

231.036

Atomic Mass

231.03588 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f2 6d1

Oxidation States

+5, +4

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.5

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

243 pm

Ionization Energy

5.89 eV

Melting Point

1845 K

Density

15.37 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1913

92

U

Uranium

238.029

Atomic Mass

238.0289 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f3 6d1

Oxidation States

+6, +5, +4, +3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.38

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

240 pm

Ionization Energy

6.194 eV

Melting Point

1408 K

Boiling Point

4404 K

Density

18.95 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1789

93

Np

Neptunium

237.048

Atomic Mass

237.048172 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f4 6d1

Oxidation States

+6, +5, +4, +3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.36

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

221 pm

Ionization Energy

6.266 eV

Melting Point

917 K

Boiling Point

4175 K

Density

20.25 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1940

94

Pu

Plutonium

244.064

Atomic Mass

244.06420 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f6

Oxidation States

+6, +5, +4, +3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.28

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

243 pm

Ionization Energy

6.06 eV

Melting Point

913 K

Boiling Point

3501 K

Density

19.84 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1940

95

Am

Americium

243.061

Atomic Mass

243.061380 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f7

Oxidation States

+6, +5, +4, +3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.3

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

244 pm

Ionization Energy

5.993 eV

Melting Point

1449 K

Boiling Point

2284 K

Density

13.69 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1944

96

Cm

Curium

247.070

Atomic Mass

247.07035 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f7 6d1

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.3

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

245 pm

Ionization Energy

6.02 eV

Melting Point

1618 K

Boiling Point

3400 K

Density

13.51 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1944

97

Bk

Berkelium

247.070

Atomic Mass

247.07031 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f9

Oxidation States

+4, +3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.3

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

244 pm

Ionization Energy

6.23 eV

Melting Point

1323 K

Density

14 g/cm³

Year Discovered

1949

98

Cf

Californium

251.080

Atomic Mass

251.07959 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f10

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.3

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

245 pm

Ionization Energy

6.30 eV

Melting Point

1173 K

Year Discovered

1950

99

Es

Einsteinium

252.083

Atomic Mass

252.0830 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f11

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.3

Atomic Radius (van der Waals)

245 pm

Ionization Energy

6.42 eV

Melting Point

1133 K

Year Discovered

1952

100

Fm

Fermium

257.095

Atomic Mass

257.09511 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn] 5f12 7s2

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.3

Ionization Energy

6.50 eV

Melting Point

1800 K

Year Discovered

1952

101

Md

Mendelevium

258.098

Atomic Mass

258.09843 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f13

Oxidation States

+3, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.3

Ionization Energy

6.58 eV

Melting Point

1100 K

Year Discovered

1955

102

No

Nobelium

259.101

Atomic Mass

259.10100 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f14

Oxidation States

+3, +2

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.3

Ionization Energy

6.65 eV

Melting Point

1100 K

Year Discovered

1957

103

Lr

Lawrencium

266.120

Atomic Mass

266.120 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d1

Oxidation States

+3

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)

1.3

Melting Point

1900 K

Year Discovered

1961

104

Rf

Rutherfordium

267.122

Atomic Mass

267.122 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d2

Oxidation States

+4

Year Discovered

1964

105

Db

Dubnium

268.126

Atomic Mass

268.126 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d3

Oxidation States

5, 4, 3

Year Discovered

1967

106

Sg

Seaborgium

269.128

Atomic Mass

269.128 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d4

Oxidation States

6, 5, 4, 3, 0

Year Discovered

1974

107

Bh

Bohrium

270.133

Atomic Mass

270.133 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d5

Oxidation States

7, 5, 4, 3

Year Discovered

1976

108

Hs

Hassium

269.134

Atomic Mass

269.1336 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d6

Oxidation States

8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2

Year Discovered

1984

109

Mt

Meitnerium

277.154

Atomic Mass

277.154 u

Standard State

Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d7 (calculated)

Oxidation States

9, 8, 6, 4, 3, 1

Year Discovered

1982

110

Ds

Darmstadtium

282.166

Atomic Mass

282.166 u

Standard State

Expected to be a Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d8 (predicted)

Oxidation States

8, 6, 4, 2, 0

Year Discovered

1994

111

Rg

Roentgenium

282.169

Atomic Mass

282.169 u

Standard State

Expected to be a Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d9 (predicted)

Oxidation States

5, 3, 1, -1

Year Discovered

1994

112

Cn

Copernicium

286.179

Atomic Mass

286.179 u

Standard State

Expected to be a Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d10 (predicted)

Oxidation States

2, 1, 0

Year Discovered

1996

113

Nh

Nihonium

286.182

Atomic Mass

286.182 u

Standard State

Expected to be a Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1 (predicted)

Year Discovered

2004

114

Fl

Flerovium

290.192

Atomic Mass

290.192 u

Standard State

Expected to be a Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 7p2 5f14 6d10 (predicted)

Oxidation States

6, 4, 2, 1, 0

Year Discovered

1998

115

Mc

Moscovium

290.196

Atomic Mass

290.196 u

Standard State

Expected to be a Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 7p3 5f14 6d10 (predicted)

Oxidation States

3, 1

Year Discovered

2003

116

Lv

Livermorium

293.205

Atomic Mass

293.205 u

Standard State

Expected to be a Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (predicted)

Oxidation States

+4, +2, -2

Year Discovered

2000

117

Ts

Tennessine

294.211

Atomic Mass

294.211 u

Standard State

Expected to be a Solid

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 7p5 5f14 6d10 (predicted)

Oxidation States

+5, +3, +1, -1

Year Discovered

2010

118

Og

Oganesson

295.216

Atomic Mass

295.216 u

Standard State

Expected to be a Gas

Electron Configuration

[Rn]7s2 7p6 5f14 6d10 (predicted)

Oxidation States

+6, +4, +2, +1, 0, -1

Year Discovered

2006